tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23615871664013493842024-02-20T06:36:16.266-08:00ElphilobiblionElphilobiblion is Library Blog for Sharing Education and Journals ReviewsMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-79389586658143585212019-11-12T22:47:00.006-08:002019-11-12T22:47:50.383-08:00Anatomy of Plant Leaves in Scientific<b>Anatomy of Plant Leaves in Scientific</b><br />
The leaves are part of plants that have an important function and role to carry out the survival of the plants themselves. Characteristics of the leaves, generally green form of the leaf is largely widened, has a chlorophyll substance that is useful to assist the process of photosynthesis.<br />
Leaves also have parts that play an important role to help the process of growth in plants, after being studied and understood in depth, then humans will realize how important leaves are in plants. So that humans can also indirectly know the importance and use of plants in life. In the informal environment, humans generally know the shape of the leaves, but in this environment humans do not know and know the leaves specifically (Fahn, 1991).<br />
The leaves are generally green organs located above the ground. Leaves contain large amounts of chlorophyll, the pigment that causes leaves to absorb light energy and use it to produce sugar through photosynthesis. Leaf morphology is very varied, the result of adaptation that often occurs with environmental factors pembata plant. The leaves are attached to the stem by a narrow section called the petiole. The width of the leaf is called a leaf blade. Leaf blade is usually thin and flat, and has a reinforcement system that causes the leaves to be flexible and strong (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
One of the powers of Allah regarding plants is to grow a variety of beautiful plants. The purpose of beautiful plants is a plant that has a complete organ, including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. With all these organs, plants can be said to be perfect plants.<br />
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General Functions of Leaves<br />
The general functions of the leaf include:<br />
The place of photosynthesis, in dicotyledonous plants, photosynthesis occurs in the palisade parenchyma network, whereas in monocotyledonous plants, photosynthesis occurs in spongy tissue. As a respiratory organ.<br />
On the leaves there are stomata that function as respiration organs.<br />
Place of transpiration.<br />
Place of mutation.<br />
Vegetative propagation tools, for example in the duckling "leaf bud" cocor plant.<br />
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LEAF MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE<br />
In general, the leaves have the following morphological structure (Tjitrosoepomo, 2009):<br />
Leaf blade (lamina).<br />
Petiolus, there is a part that attaches to the stem called the base of the petiole. There are certain plants whose leaves are not stemmed, such as grass.<br />
Leaf midrib (folius), on the base of the monocot plant flat and flat leaf and wrap the stem. For example: banana leaf midrib and taro leaf midrib.<br />
Leaves that have all three parts are called perfect leaves, such as banana leaves and taro leaves. Leaves that do not have one or more leaf parts are called imperfect leaves, such as mango leaves and guava leaves.<br />
On the surface sheet of leaves there are bones or veins of leaves. There are four types of leaf bone types, namely:<br />
Pinnate, for example on mango leaves,<br />
Dancing, for example on papaya leaves,<br />
Curved, for example on yam leaves,<br />
Parallel, for example to corn leaves,<br />
Dicotyledonous plants generally have leaves with an arrangement of pinnate and menjari leaf bones. While monocotyledonous plants have leaves with an arrangement of parallel or curved leaf bones.<br />
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STRUCTURE OF ANATOMY LEAVES<br />
There are 3 leaf tissue structure, including epidermal tissue, mesophyll tissue, and transport tissue.<br />
<br />
EPIDERMIC NETWORK<br />
The epidermis is in the form of a single layer of cells whose walls are thickened from the substance of the cuticle (cuticle) or sometimes from lignin. In the epidermis there is a stomata (leaf mouth) flanked by two closing cells. Some stomata are located on the upper surface, for example in plants whose leaves are floating (on a lotus leaf), there are only on the lower surface, and some are on both leaf surfaces (top and bottom). The Ficus plant has an epidermis composed of two layers of cells. Additional tools found among leaf epidemics include trichomes (hair) and fan cells (Mulyani, 2006)<br />
The leaf epidermis of different plants varies in number of layers, shape, structure, stomata structure, appearance, and trichome structure, and the presence of special cells. The internal structure is usually flat. Leaves have two types of epidermal tissue namely the upper surface of the leaf is called the adaxial surface and the lower surface is called the abaxial surface. At this layer there is no space between cells.<br />
Among the epidermis cells are guard cells that form stomata. This stomata structure that can open and close functions as a place for gas and water exchange. The most important trait in this leaf tissue is its compact cell arrangement and the presence of cuticles and stomata (Campbell, 2005).<br />
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MESOFIL NETWORK<br />
Mesophyll is the basic tissue layer located between the upper epidermis and the lower epidermis and between the transport beams. Mesophiles can be composed of relatively homogeneous parenchyma or differentiate into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. In accordance with its function, the mesophyll parenchyma is a major photosynthetic region because it contains chloroplasts (Sutrian, 2004).<br />
Palisade parenchyma is cylindrical cells, arranged in a row lined up like a fence. Palisade parenchyma is generally found in the upper layers of the leaves, occupying up to ½ to 2/3 mesofi, but can also be found on both sides of the leaf surface. The number of layers of palisade cells can be one layer or more (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
Mesophyll consists of parenchymal tissue found inside the epidermis. Mesophiles undergo differentiation to form photosynthetic tissue containing chloroplasts. In most plants there are two types of parenchyma in mesophyll, namely palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.<br />
<br />
Palisade parenchyma<br />
Palisade parenchyma cells are elongated and the cross section looks like a rod arranged in a row. In certain plants, palisade cells take different forms. In Lilium there are large lobes in palisade cells and appear to be branched (Fahn, 1991).<br />
Palisade cells are located under the unilateral (layer) or multilateral (multi-layered) epidermis. There is often hypodermis between the epidermis and palisade tissue. Palisade parenchyma cells are composed of one or more layers. When composed of more than one layer, the length of cells in each layer or the same, or even getting to the middle is getting shorter. Palisade tissue is usually found on the abaxial surface of the leaf.<br />
Although the palisade tissue looks more dense, the long sides of the cell are separated so that the air in the intercellular space still reaches the long side; chloroplast in the cytoplasm attached to the edge of the cell wall. This resulted in the process of photosynthesis can take place efficiently (Kertasapoetro, 1991).<br />
<br />
Perenkin Sponge<br />
Sponge tissue consists of branched cells which are irregular in shape. The shape of spongy parenchyma cells can take many forms. Its specialty is the presence of lobes (cavities) that exist between one cell and another. Differentiating between palisade parenchyma cells and spongy parenchyma is not always easy, especially if the palisade parenchyma consists of several layers.<br />
The reason is that if the palisade consists of several layers, usually the innermost layer is very similar to the sponge parenchyma that is nearby (Mulyani, 2006).<br />
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Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-32763092107049918462019-11-12T22:47:00.003-08:002019-11-12T22:47:15.924-08:00Development of the Leaf Axis<b>Development of the Leaf Axis</b><br />
TRANSPORT NETWORK<br />
This carrier file is usually divided into 2 types namely, xylem and phloem. These transport beam cells are thin-walled to facilitate inter-cell transport, possibly having chloroplasts such as mesophyll. Often there are crystals. In most dicotyledonous leaves, the parenchymal transport beam extends toward the epidermis on one or both sides of the leaf. Cells that reach the direction of the epidermis function in transporting the leaves. Not only the Dikotil leaves that have a transport file, but also the transport file is contained in Monocotyl leaves (Campbel, 2005).<br />
<br />
LEAF DEVELOPMENT<br />
In general, leaf development starts from the initial stage (initiation), initial differentiation, leaf axis development, the origin of leaf strands, and histogenesis of leaf blade tissue.<br />
<br />
Initial stage (Initiation)<br />
Leaf initiation begins with the division of periclins in groups of small cells on the shoot side. The number of layers of cells that begin to divide and their position in shoots varies in different plants. Primordia leaves originate from layers of the outermost layers of shoots (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
In all Dicotyledonous plants, the first division of pericline does not occur in the cell surface layer, but in cells that lie one or two layers below. The surface layer is expanded by anticline cleavage several times (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
The most common case, the initiation of leaf primordia begins in the cell layer below the surface layer. In this case the tunica cell layer and its neighbor cell layer from the corpus participate in the different initiation of primordium (Fahn, 1991).<br />
<br />
Early Differentiation<br />
As a result of continued cell division, leaf primordium protrudes from the shoots as a support which has the form of small papillae or bulges. Leaf support consists of a protoderm layer and prokambium strands, which grow acropetally and not far from the trunk cavium (Sumardi, 1993).<br />
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Development of the Leaf Axis<br />
In most Dikotil and Gymnosperms leaves, the development of the leaf axis precedes the leaf blade. The results of the rapid development of primordia into a conical shape that is pointed with the side of the adaksalpipih (flat). This cone tip is an apical meristem. In certain plants, from the initial stage of development when the primordium is still 1 mm in size, an increase or further development will occur due to cell division and elongation which is far from the tip of the primordium. This growth is called intercalar growth (Sumardi, 1993).<br />
<br />
The origin of the leaf blade<br />
During the initial elongation and thickening of the young leaf axis, the axial edge cells continue to divide rapidly. The initials are the outermost layer cells on the edge of young leaf strands. In Angiosperms, these initials usually divide only in the direction of the anticline and the addition of new cells occurs in the direction of the abaxial and adaxial protoderm (Sutrian, 2004).<br />
In the fringed and pinnate compound leaves, lateral leaf strands develop from the merax of the adaxial margins and the young leaf axis as two rows of papillae. In other plants, leaf development occurs acropetally or bisepetally (Sutrian, 2004).<br />
<br />
Histogenesis of Leaf Leaves Network<br />
Peripheral growth lasts longer than apical growth, but stops relatively early. After the periphery growth stops, further growth of the leaf's hair is carried out by the division of the leaf blade cells. Anticline cleavage forms meristem plates. Meristem plate activity results in an increase in surface area, but there is no organ thickening. In leaf blades, meristem cells are layered so that it is relatively easy to trace the origin of the epidermis, palisade tissue and sponges, as well as transport beams (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
Leaf growth is controlled by genetic factors, but it is also influenced by external and internal environmental conditions. Outside factors that affect the leaves include water supply, nutrition, day length and light intensity. Image of Leaf Development<br />
<br />
ABSOLUTION AND ELIMINATION<br />
The active separation of leaves from branches, without leaving a wound, is called leaf absision. Leaves are often dated during the dry season, or when there is a lack of water, leaving no injuries. Absection is also a useful adaptation to release old leaves, ripe fruit and flowers that will not produce fruit, and is a way of pruning themselves if the number of branches is too much (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
Leaf absences are usually prepared near the base of the petiole or leaf base. This abortion area can be distinguished histologically from other tissues, that is, the exterior is marked by the presence of shallow indentations or the presence of epidermal color differences (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
Vascular system in the abortion area is usually centered in the middle. The development of sklerenkim and kolenkim is not good or even absent. In the area of abortion there are two layers of separation, the place where the release of organs and is a protective layer from the drought and entry of parasites (Mulyani, 2006).<br />
In the abscess area, there was a cytological and biochemical change in the cells in the separating area which finally separated the leaves from their branches. In most leaves, flowers and fruit and some stems, preparation of the abscess layer occurs during ontogeny. However, the abscess layer can also occur immediately after there are conditions that stimulate absection. In the abscess area, the clerified tissue is often reduced and the network of vessels condenses in the middle, not at the edges. In some species, such absentee areas are at the meeting place of the leaf stalk and joints (Sumardi, 1993).<br />
<br />
Histologically, separation or absection occurs through the following histological stages:<br />
1). Rupture of pith cells<br />
2). Cell division in the cortex<br />
3). Cell differentiation and enlargement<br />
4). Breakdown of vascular and cortex cells<br />
The date of the leaves or leaves does not need to be always associated with the dissolution of the cell wall or middle lamela. In most monocots and some wet dicots, physical stress results in leaf separation (Fahn, 1991).<br />
Image Formation of Leaf Absection Area<br />
<br />
DIVERSITY OF LEAF STRUCTURE<br />
Based on the availability of water in the environment, it can be distinguished into Xerophyte plants and Hydrophytic plants, each of which has Xeromorphic and Hydrophobic properties.<br />
<br />
Xeromorfi, Figure Xeromorfi<br />
Adaptation of plants that are Xeromorphic Epidermis can be composed of more than 1 layer of cells, stomata hidden in 1 concave, (Cryptophore), palisade is on both sides of the leaf surface in other words palisade parenchyma is more developed than spongy parenchyma, and even parenchyma sponges can be absent, the epidermis often grows trichomes, and epidermal cells undergo thick lignification (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
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Hydromorphy<br />
Hydromorphic image<br />
Adaptations of plants that are Hydromorphic are stomata often protruding outward, have large air spaces and epidermis without cuticles and contain chloroplasts. Factors which mainly affect aquatic plants are temperature, air, and the concentration and composition of salt in water. The most prominent structural properties in the leaves of aquatic plants are the reduction in the strengthening and protective tissue, the reduced amount of transport tissue, especially xylem, and the presence of many air voids (Hidayat, 1995).<br />
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THE DIFFERENCE OF ANATOMY OF MONOCOTIL AND DIOTOTIC LEAVES<br />
Dicotle Leaves<br />
Pictures of Dikotil Leaves<br />
Pictures of Dikotil Leaves<br />
Monocot Leaves<br />
Image of Monocot Leaves<br />
The location of the difference is based on the pole network (palisade)<br />
In monocots, there is no pole network<br />
In dicot, there are two tissues (Palisade and Sponge).<br />
<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
The conclusion obtained in the making of this paper is the leaf is a plant organ that functions for photosynthesis. In general, plant anatomy is divided into 3 tissues, namely: epidermis, mesophyll, and bundle file. The epidermis functions as a protector, and in one part there is a stomata that functions as a way in and out of water and gas such as CO2 and O2.<br />
Mesophiles consist of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma networks, which contain chlorophyll and automatically function in photosynthesis. While the bundle of vessels in which there are xylem and phloem certainly functions in the transportation or transportation of water and the results of photosynthesis.<br />
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Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-2370769569008730072019-11-12T22:40:00.002-08:002019-11-12T22:40:11.931-08:00Types of Ecological Pyramid Types<b>Types of Ecological Pyramid Types</b><br />
Detritus food chain<br />
The flow of the detritus food chain can be seen in the following figure: Figure 2. Example of the detritus food chain.<br />
In the picture above, it is known that detritus can be in the form of destruction of animal or plant tissue. In figure (a), detritus in the form of animal tissue remains is eaten by caterpillars and then rats, snakes and birds. But in the end, all these organisms can become detritus as well. Whereas in picture (b), detritus in the form of broken down plants is eaten by woodlice which is then eaten by birds.<br />
<br />
c. Parasite food chain<br />
Parasites are a term for organisms that live by harming other organisms (host). Characteristic of this type of food chain is that there are small organisms that prey on large organisms.<br />
Consider the following parasitic food chain example. buffalo (blood) -> fleas ==> starlings ==> eagle<br />
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d. Saprofit food chain<br />
The characteristics of the saprophytic chain begin with the decomposition of the dead bodies of living things by saprophytic organisms. Examples of saprophytic organisms are bacteria, fungi, and lichens. Saprofit is a term for organisms that are able to break down the remains of organisms that have died.<br />
Saprophyte organisms are different from detritifors. Saprofit decomposes organic matter left over dead bodies into inorganic materials (minerals) that are absorbed again by plants. Pay attention to the following sample food chain saprofit. Weathered wood -> fungus -> chicken -> fox<br />
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Food webs<br />
In an ecosystem generally not only consists of one food chain, but many food chains. Green plants are not only eaten by one organism, but can be eaten by a variety of primary consumers. For example: shoe flowers are eaten by caterpillars, caterpillars also eat mustard leaves. Mustard leaves are also eaten by grasshoppers, grasshoppers eaten by frogs and sparrows, sparrows also eat caterpillars, sparrows are eaten by eagles.<br />
Mustard leaves are also eaten by rats, rats are eaten by eagles. As a result, in an ecosystem there is not only one food chain but many forms of the food chain. Food chains which are interconnected from one another are called food webs.<br />
<br />
Ecological Pyramid<br />
Ecological pyramid is a pyramid diagram that can illustrate the relationship between trophic level with trophic level, quantitatively in an ecosystem. In this pyramid, organisms that occupy the lower trophic level are relatively numerous in number. The higher the trophic level, the smaller the number of individuals. The trophic level consists of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers.<br />
Producers always occupy the first or lowest trophic level. Whereas herbivores or primary consumers occupy the second trophic level, secondary consumers occupy the third trophic level, tertiary consumers occupy the fourth trophic level or the top of the pyramid.<br />
<br />
Types of Ecological Pyramid Types<br />
Energy pyramid is a pyramid that describes the loss of energy at the time of food energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem.<br />
In the energy pyramid it is not only the total amount of energy that the organism uses at each trophic level of the food chain but also concerns the role of various organisms in energy transfer. In energy use, the higher the trophic level, the more efficient the use. However, the heat released in the energy transfer process becomes greater. The loss of heat in the process of respiration is also increasing from organisms with lower trophic levels to organisms with higher trophic levels.<br />
As for productivity, getting to the top of the trophic level is getting smaller, so that the stored energy is getting less. Energy in the energy pyramid is expressed in calories per unit area per unit time.<br />
<br />
Biomass Pyramid<br />
The biomass pyramid is a pyramid that illustrates the reduction in energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In the biomass pyramid each trophic level shows the dry weight of all organisms at the trophic level expressed in grams / m2. Generally the shape of the biomass pyramid will shrink towards the peak, because the energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. But the biomass pyramid can be inverted.<br />
For example in the open ocean the producers are microscopic phytoplankton, while consumers are microscopic creatures to large creatures such as blue whales where the biomass of blue whales exceeds the producers. The peak of the biomass pyramid has the lowest biomass which means that the number of individuals is small, and generally the carnivorous individual at the top of the pyramid is large.<br />
<br />
Pyramid of Amount<br />
Namely a pyramid that describes the number of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Number pyramid generally shaped upward.<br />
The number of pyramid organisms from the lowest trophic level to the peak is the same as other pyramids, namely producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. This means that the number of plants in the first trophic level is more than in animals (primary consumers) in the second trophic level, the number of secondary consumer organisms is less than the primary consumer, and the number of tertiary consumer organisms is less than secondary consumer organisms.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-52470708969751046462019-11-12T22:39:00.002-08:002019-11-12T22:39:23.960-08:00Food Chain: Definition and Types<b>Food Chain: Definition and Types</b><br />
Food Chain: Definition, Types, Nets, Examples and Pictures - The food chain is the process of eating and eating - in a series of organisms - in a specific order.<br />
Every living thing needs energy to live. living things get energy from a food they eat, and all living things get energy from food. On occasion I will review the food chain in full. Therefore, let us consider the review below.<br />
<br />
Understanding Food Chain<br />
The food chain is an event of eating and eating between fellow living creatures in certain sequences. In a food chain there are living things that have a role as producers, consumers, and as decomposers (decomposers). In the event of the food chain there is a process of eating and being eaten in a certain order. And each level of the food chain in an ecosystem is also called the trophic level.<br />
At the first trophic level that is an organism that can produce or make its own food substance that is green plants can also be called a producer. Then the organism that ranks second in the tropics level is primary consumers (first-level consumers), these consumers are generally occupied by herbivorous animals (plant eaters).<br />
Furthermore, organisms that occupy the order of the third tropical level are also called secondary consumers (Second-level Consumers), generally occupied by carnivorous animals (meat-eating animals) and so on. And organisms that occupy the highest or the last tropical level are also called peak consumers, usually occupied by omnivorous animals.<br />
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Food chain in the fields<br />
One form of mutual relations between living things is the "Food Chain". The food chain is the process of eating and being eaten - in a series of organisms - in a specific order. Each group of organisms is involved in the process of eating or being eaten.<br />
This process occurs in a chain. Some groups of organisms prey on other groups of organisms. And these predatory organisms also fall prey to other groups of organisms. Consider the following food chain example.<br />
<br />
<br />
Image of food chain scheme in the rice fields<br />
Plants as autotrophic organisms produce food in the form of flower nectar. Butterflies as plant eaters consume honey flowers. Frogs catch butterflies to eat. Snakes hunt frogs to eat and eagles eat snakes.<br />
The food chain picture above is one example of a food chain that occurs in a rice field community. You can look for examples of food chains in other ecosystems.<br />
The food chain becomes an entry point for the flow of energy for living things. The energy comes from the sun which is converted by autotrophic organisms (food makers) such as plants into chemical energy (in stems, fruits, leaves, etc.). Meanwhile heterotrophic organisms (unable to make their own food) obtain energy by eating autotrophic organisms.<br />
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Types of Food Chains<br />
based on the starting organism, the food chain turns out to be divided into several types. Grass chain, detritus chain, parasitic chain, and saprofit chain. Following are the differences of each type.<br />
<br />
a. Grazing food chain<br />
This food chain is the most frequently encountered and recognized. This food chain starts from plants as producers at the first trophic level. An example of this one food chain cycle is: grass ==> grasshopper ==> bird ==> snake.<br />
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Grain Food Chain<br />
Other Examples: In the picture above, it is known that grass that is autotrophic acts as a producer, then eaten by grasshoppers, then grasshoppers are eaten by lizards and finally lizards are eaten by eagles.<br />
In figure (c), grass as producers is eaten by grasshoppers as the first consumer, grasshoppers are eaten by frogs as second consumers, frogs are eaten by snakes as third consumers, and snakes are eaten by eagles as fourth consumers. Furthermore, if the eagle dies, the carcass will be eaten by other organisms and broken down by decomposing bacteria.<br />
<br />
b. Detritus food chain<br />
This food chain does not start from a plant, but starts from a detritivor. Detritivor is a heterotrophic organism that gets energy by eating the remains of living things.<br />
Examples of detritus food chain cycles are: leaf flakes (garbage) ==> earthworms ==> chicken ==> humans.<br />
Detritus is a fragment (broken) of organisms (animals and plants) that die and the rest of the organism such as animal dung, leaves, deciduous branches which are decomposed by decomposers (decomposers). Then which includes detritus-eating organisms are called detritivors, for example worms, termites, worms and so on.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-3050582770563179072019-11-12T22:35:00.002-08:002019-11-12T22:35:45.670-08:00Understanding Hydroponics and Examples With Their Kinds Of Plants<b>Understanding Hydroponics And Examples With Their Kinds Of Plants</b><br />
Hydroponics<br />
Understanding Hydroponics And Examples With Their Kinds of Plants - Hydroponics is a cultivation of cultivation using water without utilizing soil and emphasizes the growth of nutritional needs for plants. The need for water in hydroponic plants is less than the need for water in aquaculture using soil media. Hydroponics uses water more efficiently, so it is suitable to be applied in areas that have limited water supply.<br />
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Beginning of Landless Cultivation<br />
Examples of hydroponic plants<br />
Initially Gericke interpreted the growth of hydroponic plants with mineral nutrient solutions. Hydroponics is cultivation without soil. Many cultivation without soil but with a solution for hydroponics.<br />
Plants that are not mashed with technique in general will be able to grow using controlled environmental systems such as hydroponics. It seems that NASA is also utilizing this hydroponics in the space program. Ray Wheeler, a plant physiologist at the Space Life Science Center's Space Center Laboratory, Kennedy, believes that hydroponics will have a role in making progress in space travel. He called it a bioregenerative support system.<br />
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Types of Hydroponics<br />
Static solution culture<br />
Continuous-flow solution culture, for example: NFT (Nutrient Film Technique), DFT (Deep Flow Technique)<br />
Aeroponics<br />
Passive sub-irrigation<br />
Ebb and flow or flood and drain sub-irrigation<br />
Run to waste<br />
Deep water culture<br />
Bubbleponics<br />
Bioponic<br />
Etymology<br />
<br />
In English hydroponics (hydroponic) which comes from the Greek word hydro which means water and ponos which means power. Hydroponics is also known as soilless culture or the meaning of landless cultivation. So hydroponics works with plants that use water by not using soil for their growing media.<br />
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Hydroponic technique<br />
Hydroponic techniques are mostly carried out on a small scale for hobbies among the people in Indonesia. In selecting the types of plants to be cultivated on a commercial business scale, more attention must be given, because not all agricultural products have economic value. Types of plants that have high economic value as hydroponic cultivation, namely:<br />
Paprika<br />
Tomato<br />
Zucchini<br />
Melon<br />
Japanese eggplant<br />
Lettuce<br />
Basic Method<br />
Hydroponics has a free understanding of ways or techniques in farming by increasing the fulfillment of nutritional needs in plants, or in our understanding planting without using soil media. From this understanding we can see that the hydroponic farming technique begins with the increasing human attention to the need for fertilizer for plants.<br />
Plants everywhere will still grow if the nutrients (nutrients) needed are always fulfilled. In this case the stoic function is as a buffer of plants and the water available is a nutrient solvent, and can then be absorbed by plants. That mindset ultimately gave birth to hydroponic farming techniques, where the emphasis was on meeting the needs of plant nutrition.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-45217918874368057682019-11-12T11:20:00.003-08:002019-11-12T11:20:37.167-08:00Definition and Function of Judicial Institutions<b>Definition and Function of Judicial Institutions</b><br />
Judicial Institutions - Definition, Power, (MA), (MK), Judicial, Duties, Functions: Judicial power is closely related to the other two powers (Legislative and executive) and is closely related to individual rights and obligations.<br />
<br />
Definition of Judicial Power<br />
Judicial power is closely related to the other two powers (legislative and executive) and closely related to individual rights and obligations. While the Judiciary is an institution of judicial power that holds full power to administer the judiciary, not least in Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Definition of Judicial Power<br />
Judicial power is the power held by citizens to supervise the implementation of the law through its representatives who sit in the institution of the Supreme Court (MA). This institution acts as a social control tool, the implementation of which is carried out on institutions of executive power.<br />
This institution has the authority to reprimand, advise, or provide suggestions to the government in relation to the implementation of the GBHN and the legislative product's product laws.<br />
This judicial institution is independent, meaning that its power is not restricted, either by the executive or the legislative body, but is limited by the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as the basis of the state which is the source of all legal norms that apply in Indonesian society / state.<br />
Judicial power or the so-called judicial power, that is, the power to administer justice to uphold law and justice. This power is held by the Supreme Court (MA) and the Constitutional Court (MK)<br />
as affirmed in Article 24 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution which states that judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court and judicial bodies below it in the general court, religious court, military court, state administrative court, and by the Constitutional Court .<br />
<br />
Judicial Power in Indonesia<br />
Azaz is independent of the judiciary (independent judiciary) also known in Indonesia. That is contained in the explanation (Articles 24 and 25) of the 1945 Constitution concerning judicial power which states: "Judicial power is an independent power, meaning that it is independent of the influence of governmental power. In connection with that, guarantees must be made in the Law regarding the position of Judges.<br />
However, in the period of guided democracy there has been a deviation of the principle of freedom of the judiciary as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution, namely by the issuance of Law No. 19 of 1964 concerning the basic provisions of judicial power, which in Article 19 of the Law states:<br />
"In the interest of the revolution, the honor of the state and nation or the interests of the people who are pressing, the president can participate or intervene in matters of court".<br />
In the general explanation of the Act it is stated that "the Politica trias do not, have any place at all in Indonesian National law" because we are in a revolution, and it goes on to say that "the Court is not free from the influence of executive power and the power to make laws.<br />
The Judiciary power has the authority to interpret the contents of the law as well as impose sanctions for any violations thereof. Judicial functions that can be specified in the following list of legal issues:<br />
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Criminal law (petty offense, misdemeanor, felonies)<br />
Civil law (marriage, divorce, inheritance, child care)<br />
Constitution law (issues surrounding interpretation of the constitution)<br />
Administrative law (the law governing state administration)<br />
International law (international agreement).<br />
Judiciary Institution<br />
Power in the Government of Indonesia has long been applied, this is to maintain a fair government and far from political monopolies. Therefore, a high state institution has been created which has the role to carry out the tasks and authority in their respective fields.<br />
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Despite having different duties and authorities, the country's high institutions have the same position and position. High state institutions have complementary functions.<br />
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Supreme Court (MA)<br />
The Supreme Court (MA) is a high state institution in the Indonesian constitutional system which is the holder of judicial power together with the Constitutional Court and is free from the influence of other branches of power. The Supreme Court oversees the judiciary within the general court, the religious court, the military court, the state administrative court.<br />
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The composition of the Supreme Court<br />
The Supreme Court consists of a leader, a member judge, a registrar, and a secretary. The leaders and judges of members of the Supreme Court are Supreme Court justices. the highest number of judges is 60 (sixty).<br />
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Supreme Court Judge<br />
At the Supreme Court there are a maximum of 60 Supreme Court Justices. Supreme Court justices can come from career systems or non-career systems. Prospective Supreme Court Justices are proposed by the Judicial Commission to the House of Representatives, to then get approval and be appointed as Supreme Court justices by the President. The task of the Supreme Court Judge is to hear and decide cases at the Cassation level.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-13768450911784935782019-11-12T11:20:00.000-08:002019-11-12T11:20:02.383-08:00Obligations and Authority of the Supreme Court<b>Obligations and Authority of the Supreme Court</b><br />
According to the 1945 Constitution, the obligations and authority of the Supreme Court are:<br />
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The authority to adjudicate at the cassation level, examine the statutory provisions under the Act, and have other powers granted by the Act<br />
Submitting 3 members of the Constitutional Justice<br />
Give consideration in terms of the President giving clemency and rehabilitation.<br />
Constitutional Court<br />
The Constitutional Court (MK) is a high state institution in the Indonesian constitutional system which is the holder of judicial power together with the Supreme Court.<br />
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Obligations and Powers of the Constitutional Court<br />
Based on the provisions in article 24 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution the Constitutional Court is one of the actors of judicial power other than the Supreme Court. Judicial power is an independent power to administer justice to uphold law and justice.<br />
Thus, the Constitutional Court is a judicial institution, as a branch of judicial power, which hears certain cases which become its authority based on the provisions of the 1945 Constitution.<br />
Based on Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution which is reaffirmed in Article 10 paragraph (1) letters a through d of Law 24/2003, the authority of the Constitutional Court is:<br />
Examine the law against the 1945 Constitution;<br />
Decide upon the disputes over the authority of state institutions whose authority is granted by the 1945 Constitution;<br />
Decide upon dissolution of political parties; and<br />
Deciding upon disputes regarding the results of general elections.<br />
In addition, based on Article 7 paragraph (1) through (5) and Article 24C paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution which is reaffirmed by Article 10 paragraph (2) of Law 24/2003,<br />
the obligation of the Constitutional Court is to give a decision on the opinion of the DPR that the President and / or Vice President have violated the law, or are disgraceful, or do not meet the requirements as President and / or Vice President as referred to in the 1945 Constitution.<br />
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Chairman of the Constitutional Court<br />
The Chair of the Constitutional Court is elected from and by Constitutional Justices for a term of 3 years. The term of office of the Chief Justice for 3 years as stipulated in Law 24/2003 is a bit strange, because the term of office of the Constitutional Justice himself is 5 years, so that means that for the second term of the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court within one term the Constitutional Justice ends before his time (only 2 years) .<br />
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Constitutional Justice<br />
The Constitutional Court has 9 Constitutional Justices established by the President. Constitutional Justices are nominated 3 people each by the Supreme Court, 3 people by the House of Representatives, and 3 people by the President. The term of office for Constitutional Justices is 5 years, and can be re-elected for the next 1 term.<br />
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Judicial Commission<br />
The Judicial Commission is a state institution formed based on Law no. 22 of 2004 which functions to oversee the behavior of judges and propose names of prospective justices.<br />
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The Purpose of the Judicial Commission<br />
In order to conduct intensive monitoring of the implementation of judicial power by involving elements of the community.<br />
Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of judicial power both regarding the recruitment of supreme judges and monitoring the behavior of judges.<br />
Maintaining the quality and consistency of judicial institutions' decisions, because they are always monitored intensively by institutions that are truly independent.<br />
Be a liaison between government power and judicial authority to ensure the independence of judicial power.<br />
Judicial Commission Authority<br />
The Judicial Commission has the authority to propose the appointment of Supreme Court justices and other authorities in the context of maintaining and upholding the honor, dignity, and conduct of judges.<br />
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Judicial Commission Duties<br />
Proposing the Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Judicial Commission has the task:<br />
Registering Supreme Judge candidates;<br />
Select candidates for Supreme Court Justices;<br />
Determine candidates for Supreme Court Justices; and<br />
Submitting candidates for Supreme Court Justices to the DPR.<br />
Maintaining and Upholding Honor, Nobleness and Behavior Judges of the Judicial Commission have the task:<br />
Receive reports of public complaints about judge behavior,<br />
Conduct examination of alleged violations of judge behavior, and<br />
Make a report on the results of the examination in the form of recommendations submitted to the Supreme Court and the copies submitted to the President and the Parliament.<br />
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Member of the Judicial Commission<br />
The membership of the Judicial Commission consists of former judges, legal practitioners, legal academics, and community members. Members of the Judicial Commission are State officials, consisting of 7 people (including Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson who are concurrently Members). Members of the Judicial Commission hold office for a period of 5 (five) years and thereafter can be re-elected for 1 (one) term of office.<br />
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Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-57229050595092504982019-11-12T11:15:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:15:04.465-08:00Characteristics of Non-Formal Education Institutions<b>Characteristics of Non-Formal Education Institutions</b><br />
Programs made according to the needs of the community<br />
The material provided is practical or something that is needed by the community at that time and can soon be fulfilled through a short education.<br />
The time required is relatively short<br />
The cost is relatively cheap<br />
The ages of students differ<br />
The class level does not show clear grades<br />
Implementation of activities compiled through good planning<br />
The purpose of directed education is to get work or improve living standards<br />
Time and place of learning tailored to those who need it<br />
Appears because of rapid changes in society.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Duties and Authorities of the Judiciary and Their Functions<br />
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Function of Educational Institutions<br />
The function of education according to Horton and Hunt is as follows:<br />
1. Manifest Education Function<br />
To prepare a community member to make a living.<br />
To develop an individual talent for personal satisfaction and for the benefit of the community.<br />
To preserve a culture.<br />
To instill a skill necessary for participation in democracy.<br />
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2. Latent Educational Function<br />
Reducing Parent Education, namely through school education, parents will delegate their duties and authority in educating children to school.<br />
Providing Facilities for Disobedience, namely schools have the potential to instill a value of development in the community. This is because it is reflected by differences in views between schools and the community about a matter.<br />
Maintaining the Social Class System, namely school education is expected to be able to socialize to their students to accept a difference in prestige, privilege, and status that exists in society. The school is also expected to be a channel for students 'mobility to higher social status or at least according to their parents' status.<br />
Extending Adolescence, namely school education can slow down one's adulthood because students are still economically dependent on their parents.<br />
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Educational Function According to David Popenoe<br />
Transmission (transfer) of culture<br />
Choosing and teaching social role<br />
The school teaches personality patterns<br />
Source of social innovation<br />
Every human being will definitely need education, education for worldly and education for the afterlife.<br />
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The Role of Educational Institutions<br />
Family Education Institute<br />
The family environment is the first and foremost educational environment, because from the family the child first gets education and guidance and most of the child's life is in the family. The main task of the family for children's education is as a foundation for moral education and outlook on life.<br />
The nature and character of the child is largely taken from both parents and other family members. Thus family education has a very important role in children's education, including:<br />
<br />
First Childhood Experience<br />
Family education institutions provide the first experience which is an important factor in the personal development of children, because from here the balance of the soul in the further development of the individual is determined.<br />
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Guaranteeing the Emotional Life of Children<br />
Emotional life is one of the most important factors in shaping one's personality, due to abnormalities in the development of individual education by the lack of proper emotional life.<br />
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Instilling the Foundation of Moral Education<br />
In a family the behavior of parents becomes an example by a child and children like to imitate the actions of their parents. "A sense of love, a sense of unity and other feelings and the general state of the soul<br />
very useful for ongoing education, especially education of character, there is in family life in a strong and pure nature, so that no other education centers can match it "<br />
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Provides a basis for social education<br />
Namely by growing the seeds of social awareness through help-help in family life, mutual cooperation, maintaining order, peace and others.<br />
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Laying of Religious Basics<br />
Introducing religious sciences, teaching the Koran and others. This greatly fostered children's religion.<br />
Thus the role of family education institutions is basic education to shape the child's personality.<br />
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School Educational Institutions<br />
School education is basically a continuation of family education only that education in schools is obtained regularly, systematically, multilevel, and by following clear and strict requirements. The role of the school are:<br />
Students learn to get along with fellow students, between teachers and students, and between students and people who are not teachers.<br />
Students learn to obey school rules.<br />
Preparing students to become members of society that are useful for religion, nation and state.<br />
It can be said that school education is the formation of intelligence, interest and talent in children to be developed.<br />
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Community Education Institutions<br />
The community is the third institution after the family and school. Education in the wider impact community. The style and variety of education experienced by a person in society are numerous, covering all fields, both the formation of habits, the formation of understandings (knowledge) of attitudes and interests, as well as the formation of literature and religion.<br />
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So it can be said that community education is the application of family and school education. In community education this is more about education adjustments to the community.<br />
The three educational institutions cooperated between them both directly and indirectly, by mutually supporting the same activities individually or together.<br />
In other words, the act of educating parents to children is also done by schools by strengthening it and being controlled by the community as an environment for the child's social environment.<br />
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Examples of Formal Education Institutions<br />
a. Kindergarten (TK)<br />
b. Raudatul Athfal (RA)<br />
c. Elementary School<br />
d. Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI)<br />
e. Middle School (SMP)<br />
f. Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs)<br />
g. High School (SMA)<br />
h. Madrasah Aliyah (MA)<br />
i. Vocational High School Vocational School)<br />
j. Vocational Aliyah Madrasah (MAK)<br />
k. Higher Education, including; Academy, Polytechnic, High School,<br />
Institute and University.<br />
Examples of Non-Normal Educational Institutions<br />
a. Playgroup (KB)<br />
b. Daycare Center (TPA)<br />
c. Special Institutions<br />
d. Studio<br />
e. Training institute<br />
f. Study groups<br />
g. Learning centers<br />
h. Assembly taklim<br />
i. "AMAL-MAS" Skills and Training Institute<br />
Examples of Informal Education Institutions<br />
Parents as an educational institution.<br />
The foundation as an educational institution.<br />
The state as an educational institution.<br />
Religious institutions.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-23294124170800360512019-11-12T11:14:00.001-08:002019-11-12T11:14:27.111-08:00Educational Institutions are Forming Human Character<b>Educational Institutions are Forming Human Character</b><br />
Talking about education is talking about how to shape human character as desired. while the character will be formed by various factors, including the environment. People have different characters, because they grow in different environments. Thus the role of the environment is very large in shaping one's behavior.<br />
Based on this fact, the educational environment must be organized and maintained so that it looks clean and tidy. The environment must be seen as part of education. The environment must be an important factor in shaping the personality of children or students studying at school or campus. School or campus should not be left dirty and neglected.<br />
The educational environment, in addition to having to be clean, neat, should also maintain its beauty. Islam teaches about cleanliness, neatness and beauty. Therefore schools or campuses should not display slums.<br />
Educational institutions, both informal, non-formal and formal, are places for transfer of knowledge and culture. Through educational practice, students are invited to understand how history or cultural experience can be transformed in life<br />
that they will experience and prepare them to face the challenges and demands within them. Thus, the meaning of knowledge and culture is often forced to be combined because of the influence of the times on knowledge if transformed.<br />
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Understanding of Educational Institutions According to Experts<br />
According to Drs. H. Abu Ahmadi and Dra. Nur Uhbiyati<br />
Educational Institution is a business entity that is engaged and responsible for the implementation of education of students.<br />
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According to Enung K. Rukiyati and Fenti Himawati<br />
Educational Institution is a place or place where the educational process takes place simultaneously with the civilizing process.<br />
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According to Hasbullah<br />
Educational Institution is a place where the education process takes place which includes education for families, schools and communities.<br />
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According to Prof. Dr. Umar Tirtarahardja and Drs. La Sula<br />
Educational institutions are places where education takes place, especially in the three main educational environments, namely family, school and community.<br />
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Understanding of Educational Institutions in General<br />
An educational institution is an institution or place where the process of education or teaching and learning is carried out with the aim to change the behavior of individuals towards a better direction through interaction with the surrounding environment.<br />
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Various Types of Educational Institutions<br />
educational institutions can be divided into 3 types, namely:<br />
Formal education institutions.<br />
Informal education institutions.<br />
Non-formal education institutions.<br />
Formal Educational Institutions<br />
Formal educational institutions are educational institutions that are carried out in schools ranging from elementary schools to tertiary institutions.<br />
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Characteristics of formal education institutions:<br />
Organized in separate classes according to level<br />
There are age requirements<br />
There is a certain learning period<br />
There is a study time schedule<br />
The learning process is organized in an orderly and structured manner<br />
Learning materials are arranged based on the curriculum and elaborated in certain syllabi<br />
The learning material is mostly intellectual and continuous academic<br />
The teacher teaches using certain methods, media and teaching sequences<br />
There is a report card system, study evaluation or diploma.<br />
Schools have an education budget designed within a certain time frame.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Social Institutions According to Experts and Examples<br />
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Informal Education Institute<br />
Informal Education is education carried out in the community and family.<br />
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Characteristics of Informal Education Institutions:<br />
Not related to place and time<br />
Not tied to age levels<br />
Can take place without special teachers or students<br />
Do not use certain methods<br />
Without using a learning plan (curriculum).<br />
Non-Formal Education Institutions<br />
Non-Formal Education Institutions, namely educational institutions carried out by the community in the sense of education held by institutions outside of school or outside of tertiary institutions.<br />
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Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-19498612740592694632019-11-12T11:10:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:10:07.648-08:00Product Life Cycle Strategy<b>Product Life Cycle Strategy</b><br />
If in the Product Life Cycle (Product Life Cycle) is considered as a strategic value in a company, then the manager should be able to determine where the position of the Product Life Cycle (Product Life Cycle) of the product. Identification in the stages of the Product Life Cycle (Product Life Cycle) can be determined by combining 3 three factors that indicate the status characteristics of a product and also compare with general patterns. Product Life Cycle stage in a product can be determined by identifying its status in the market volume, rate of change of market volume.<br />
(Kotler 1997) In the four stages of the Product Life Cycle analysis, there are several strategies, namely:<br />
1. Introduction (Introduction)<br />
Rapid launch strategy (rapid skimming strategy)<br />
Launching a new product at a high price through a high level of promotion.<br />
Slow launch strategy (slow skimming strategy)<br />
is a new product launch with a high price and also a little promotion.<br />
Rapid penetration strategy (rapid penetration strategy)<br />
is a product launch at a low price with a large promotion cost.<br />
Slow penetration strategy<br />
is a new product launch with a low promotion rate and also a low price.<br />
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2. Growth Stage<br />
During the growth stage the company uses several strategies to be able to maintain rapid market growth as long as possible in the following ways:<br />
Improve quality of products and also add features to new products and better styles.<br />
The company must add new models and products> accompanying products (that is, products of various sizes, flavors, etc. that can protect the main product)<br />
The company must enter a new market segment.<br />
The company must increase its distribution coverage and also enter new distribution channels.<br />
The company is moving from advertising that can make people aware of products (product awareness advertising) to ads that make people point (choose) your product (product preference advertising)<br />
The company lowers prices to attract buyers who are sensitive to a price at each layer.<br />
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3. Maturity Stage<br />
The company eliminates less powerful products and also concentrates more on resources on more profitable products as well as on new products.<br />
By modifying the market where the company is trying to expand the market for established brands.<br />
The company is trying to attract consumers who are the users of its products.<br />
Using the feature improvement strategy (feature improvement), which has the goal to be able to add new features and expand the versatility, safety and comfort in the product.<br />
With which defensive strategy to maintain market products where the results of that strategy will modify the mix in marketing.<br />
With a strategy to improve quality that aims to be able to improve the ability of a product, for example durability, speed, and also the performance of the product.<br />
The model improvement strategy aims to increase the aesthetic appeal in products such as models, colors, packaging and so on.<br />
Using a take-off strategy which is one of the strategies used to reach the new consumer acceptance phase, this strategy can renew growth when the product enters the maturity process.<br />
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4. Decline<br />
Increase investment so you can dominate or also occupy a good competitive position.<br />
Change the product or also look for new uses or benefits in the product<br />
Look for new markets<br />
Stay at the company investment level until uncertainty in the industry can be overcome<br />
Reducing investment in companies by selectively by leaving consumers who are less profitable.<br />
With Harvesting strategy to be able to realize cash returns quickly<br />
By leaving the business and also selling company assets.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-46468355087134063372019-11-12T11:09:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:09:33.433-08:00Comprehensive Product Life Cycle<b>Comprehensive Product Life Cycle</b><br />
Definition of Product Life Cycle<br />
Comprehensive Product Life Cycle - Product life cycle (Product Life Cycle) is an important concept that provides an understanding of the competitive dynamics of a product.<br />
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Product Life Cycle<br />
Product Life Cycle or Product Life Cycle is a chart that illustrates a product history since it was introduced into the market until it is withdrawn from the market. Product Life Cycle (Product Life Cycle) is an important concept in marketing because it provides a deep understanding of the competitive dynamics of a product. The concept of the Product Life Cycle was popularized by Levitt (1978) who after its use was developed and also expanded by other experts.<br />
Product Life Cycle Stages<br />
The stages contained in a Product Life Cycle (Product Life Cycle) of a product - There are those that classify it into introduction, growth, maturity, decline, termination.<br />
Meanwhile, there were also those who suggested that the overall stages in the Product Life Cycle consisted of. According to Basu Swastha (1984: 127-132), the product life cycle is divided into 4 stages, namely:<br />
1. Introduction stage.<br />
In the introductory stage, goods are being marketed into large quantities even though the sales volume is not appropriate. Goods that are sold are essentially new goods (which are really new) because they are still in the initial stages, and usually the costs incurred are also high, especially the cost of advertising (promotion). The promotion must be aggressive and also leads to the seller's brand. In addition to that the distribution of goods is also still limited and the profits obtained are also still low.<br />
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2. Stage of growth (growth).<br />
At this stage, sales as well as profits will increase very quickly. due to demand has increased greatly and also the community around it already knows the product concerned, then the promotional effort undertaken by a company is not as aggressive as the previous stage. In this stage, competitors have started to enter the market so that competition becomes tighter. Another way that can be done to be able to expand and also increase distribution is by lowering the selling price.<br />
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3. Maturity stage<br />
At this maturity, we can all see that sales are still increasing and also at a later stage still. At this stage, producer or retailer profits begin to fall. Competition in prices is so sharp that a company needs to introduce productivity with new creativity models. In this stage of maturity, efforts in advertising (promotion) usually begin to be increased again to be able to face competition.<br />
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4. Stage of decline (decline)<br />
Almost all types of goods produced by a company always experience antiquity or obsolescence and also must be replaced with new goods. In this stage of decline, new goods must be marketed to be able to replace old goods that are old school. even though the number of competitors has decreased but cost control is very important because the demand has fallen considerably. If the old goods are not immediately abandoned without being replaced with new goods, then the company can only operate in a certain market that is very limited. '<br />
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The alternatives that can be done by management when sales decline include the following:<br />
Updating goods (function).<br />
Reviewing and also improving marketing programs and production programs to make it more efficient.<br />
Eliminating the size, color, as well as models that are not good.<br />
reduce some types of goods to be able to achieve optimum profits on goods that already exist.<br />
Create new creativity.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-91052988747033922772019-11-12T11:06:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:06:34.696-08:00Kinds of Industries - Definition and Classification<b>Kinds of Industries - Definition and Classification</b><br />
Kinds of Industries - Definition, Classification, Examples, Experts: In this modern era, the development of industry is very fast due to the more advanced developments in the industrial world.<br />
Definition of Industry<br />
Industry is a business or activity to process raw materials or semi-finished goods into finished goods that have added value to get a profit. The business of assembling or assembling and also repairing is part of the industry. The results of the industry not only in the form of goods, but also in the form of services.<br />
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Understanding Industry According to Experts<br />
The following is the Definition of Industry According to Experts.<br />
<br />
Moh. Hatta<br />
Industry is an effort to change the structure of agriculture into industrial structure. Industry is an economic activity that processes raw materials, raw materials, semi-finished goods or finished goods which have a higher value for their use.<br />
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Indonesian Encyclopedia<br />
Industry is part of the production process that does not take these materials directly from nature for consumption, but the ingredients are processed and eventually become valuable commodities to the community.<br />
<br />
Encyclopedia Americana<br />
Industry is a group activity that grows economic objects and users.<br />
<br />
Geography viewpoint<br />
Industry is something that is a combination of physical subsystems and human subsystems.<br />
<br />
Central Bureau of Statistics<br />
Industry is a business unit that runs a unity of economic activity with the aim of producing goods or services that are domiciled in a particular place or location and have their own administrative records.<br />
<br />
The Grasindo Team<br />
Industry is all types of jobs that make money.<br />
<br />
George T. Renner<br />
Industry is all human activities in the productive economy / producing goods and money.<br />
<br />
Sukimo<br />
Industry is a company carrying out economic activities which are included in the secondary sector.<br />
<br />
Kartasapoetra<br />
Industry is an economic activity that processes raw materials, raw materials, semi-finished or finished goods into goods using a higher value, including industrial design activities and industrial engineering.<br />
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Industrial Classification<br />
The following is an industrial classification.<br />
1. Based on the availability of raw materials<br />
Extractive industry, namely an industry whose raw materials are directly taken from nature such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and mining.<br />
Non-extractive industry is an industry whose raw materials are taken from other places or from other industries. This non-extractive industry is divided into three types, namely:<br />
Reproduction industry<br />
Manufacturing industry<br />
Facilitative industry<br />
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2. Based on the number of workers<br />
Large industries, namely industries that have a workforce of more than 100 people.<br />
Medium industry, namely industries that have a workforce of between 20 and 99 people.<br />
Small industries, namely industries that have a workforce of between 5 and 19 people.<br />
Home industry, namely industries that have a workforce of between 1 and 4 people.<br />
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3. Based on the department of industry<br />
Basic chemical industry group. For example: in the paper industry, fertilizer, cement, tires and so on.<br />
Machinery and metal industry group. For example: in the steel, machinery and communication industries.<br />
Various industry groups. For example: the garment mak, and drinks.<br />
Small industry group. For example: preservation of meat, bread and oil.<br />
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4. Based on individual productivity<br />
Primary industry is the type of industry that produces goods without further processing. For example: on matting, drying fish and grinding rice.<br />
Secondary industry, namely the type of industry that produces goods that require further processing. For example: in the yarn and electronics spinning industry.<br />
Tertiary industry, namely the type of industry engaged in services. For example: tourism, banks, travel, and trade.<br />
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5. Based on the raw material<br />
Agricultural industry, namely the type of industry that processes raw materials from agriculture. For example: the cooking oil, coffee, tea and sugar industries.<br />
Nonagraris industry, namely the type of industry that processes a raw material from mining products. For example: the cement, iron and steel industries.<br />
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6. Based on the stages of the production process<br />
Upstream industry, namely the type of industry in its production stage processes raw material or raw materials into a semi-finished goods. For example: in the wood processing industry, steel bars, zinc plates, rubber sheets, and so on.<br />
Downstream industries, namely industries whose production stages process semi-finished goods into finished materials (ready to use). Example: garment, shoe and vehicle industries.<br />
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7. Based on the results of its production<br />
Heavy industry is the type of industry that produces a machine and production equipment. For example: in the heavy equipment industry, machinery, and tools<br />
transportation.<br />
Light industry is a type of industry that produces a finished product that is directly used by the community. For example: in the food industry, drinks, medicines, and so forth.<br />
<br />
8. Based on industrial pluralism<br />
Big industries are types of industries whose activities are on a large scale with multiple activities and arrangements. The characteristics are:<br />
very large capital<br />
Use modern machines<br />
The amount of labor is large<br />
At the industrial location occupies a large area<br />
Small industry is a small-scale industrial activity. The characteristics are:<br />
small capital<br />
On its simple equipment<br />
In the small amount of labor<br />
<br />
9. Based on the capacity of the workforce<br />
Labor intensive industry (labor intersive), which is a type of industry in which an activity requires a large number of workers. For example: in the garment and electronics industry.<br />
Capital intensive industry (capital intersive), which is a type of industry that uses more capital in the form of money or modern machines.<br />
<br />
10. Based on the origin of capital<br />
National Industry or Domestic Investment (FDI) is a type of industry that all capital comes from within the country.<br />
The national private industry is the type of industry whose capital comes from a national businessman.<br />
Foreign industry is the type of industry whose capital comes from foreign entrepreneurs, which is based on a government policy.<br />
Joint industry, which is commonly known as the joint venture industry, the type of industry whose capital is the result of cooperation between national private entrepreneurs or government capital with capital from other countries.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-29599706836708813492019-11-12T11:03:00.001-08:002019-11-12T11:03:32.157-08:00Definition of Mercantilism: The Purpose and Its Perspective<b>Definition of Mercantilism: The Purpose and Its Perspective</b><br />
Mercantilism is an economic system that is centered on the belief that the government can make a nation more prosperous by regulating trade and using tariffs and other measures to protect the export balance of imports.<br />
<br />
Understanding Mercantilism and Its Purpose<br />
When the government has set trade rules and imposed tariffs to ensure that there is an appropriate balance between exports and imports, this government method is an example of mercantilism.<br />
<br />
Definition of International Trade<br />
International trade is trade carried out by residents of a country with residents of other countries on the basis of mutual agreement. The intended population may be between individuals, between individuals and the government of a country or the government of a country and the government of another country. In many countries, international trade is one of the main factors for increasing GDP.<br />
<br />
Theory of International Trade Mercantilism<br />
Mercantilism is the dominant economic practice and theory in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century which was promoted through the economic regulations of a country's government for the purpose of increasing state power at the expense of rival forces, this is a partner of the economic politics of absolutism or absolute monarchy.<br />
<br />
The aim of mercantilism<br />
Mercantilism is a national economic policy aimed at gathering monetary reserves through a positive trade balance, especially finished goods, which historically has often led to war and was also motivated to carry out colonial expansion.<br />
<br />
Mercantile Views on International Trade<br />
"That the only way for a country to be rich and strong is to do as much as possible of exports and as little as possible of imports." The export surplus then formed in the flow of gold bullion or precious metals, especially gold and silver.<br />
In each country it cannot simultaneously produce export surpluses either because the amount of gold and silver is fixed at a certain time, so a country can only benefit at the expense of other countries. Therefore, the Mercantilists widely spread economic nationalism and believed that a conflict of national interests would arise.<br />
Thus the discussion about Understanding Mercantilism and Its Purpose I hope that with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visiMac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-78638235665219833502019-11-12T11:02:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:02:23.519-08:00Clen Differentiation (Clans)<b>Clen Differentiation (Clans)</b><br />
Clen (Clan) is often also called a broad relative or extended family. Clen is a genealogical unity, genealogical unity (religious) and traditional unity (tradition). Clen is a social system based on the same blood ties or offspring that generally occur in unilateral societies either through the father's lineage (patrilineal) or the mother's line (matrilineal).<br />
<br />
Klen on the basis of paternal lineage (patrilineal) include in:<br />
Batak people (as Marga)<br />
Karo Batak Marga: Ginting, Sembiring, Singarimbun, Barus,<br />
Tambun, Paranginangin;<br />
Toba Batak Marga: Nababan, Simatupang, Siregar;<br />
Marga Batak Mandailing: Harahap, Rangkuti, Nasution, Coal,<br />
The Minahasa community (the clause is called Fam) includes: Mandagi, Lasut, Tombokan, Pangkarego, Paat,<br />
Ambonese community (the clause is called Fam) include: Pattinargeti, Latuconsina, Lotul, Manuhutu,<br />
The Flores community (called "Fam") includes:<br />
Fernandes, Wangge, Da Costa, Leimena, Kleden, De-Rosari, Paeira.<br />
<br />
Klen on the basis of maternal lineage (matrilineal), among others, are in the Minangkabau community, the clen is called a tribe which is a combination of kampuang-kampuang. Clen names in Minangkabau include: Koto, Piliang, Chaniago, Sikumbang, Malay, Solo, Dalimo, Kampai,<br />
People in Flores, the Ngada tribe, also use the Matrilineal system.<br />
Batak-one-tribe-in-Indonesia<br />
Batak tribe is one of the tribes in Indonesia that uses a patrilineal system<br />
<br />
Differentiation of Religion<br />
According to Durkheim religion is an integrated system consisting of beliefs and practices related to sacred matters. Religion is an essential problem for human life because it involves a person's beliefs that are considered true. Belief in religion is morally binding on its adherents. That belief forms the moral community group (ummah). The adherents of a religion can be identified by the way they dress, how to behave, how to worship, and so on.<br />
Thus, religious differentiation is a grouping of people based on their religion / beliefs.<br />
<br />
The Components of Religion<br />
Religious emotion, which is an irrational attitude that is able to thrill the soul, for example an attitude of fear of mixing<br />
The belief system, manifested in the form of thoughts / ideas of humans such as belief in the attributes of God, the appearance of the supernatural, cosmology, the afterlife, magic ring, spirits of ancestors, gods, and<br />
Religious ceremonies, which take the form of worship to God, Gods and Grandma's Spirit<br />
Places of worship, such as mosques, churches, temples, temples, temples,<br />
People, namely members of one religion which is a social unit.<br />
<br />
Religion and Society<br />
In its development religion affects the community and so does the community influences religion or dynamic interactions occur. In Indonesia, we know Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism and Hinduism. Besides that, other religions or beliefs have also developed, such as Khong Hu Chu, Beliefs, Kaharingan and other original beliefs.<br />
<br />
Religion-and-Society<br />
This is where various people carry out their worship<br />
<br />
Differentiation of Professions (occupations)<br />
Profession or occupation is an activity carried out by humans as a source of income or livelihood.<br />
Differentiation of professions is a grouping of people based on the type of work or profession. The profession is usually associated with a special skill. For example the teaching profession requires special skills, such as: articulate, like to guide, be patient, etc.<br />
Based on the different professions we know the community groups work as teachers, doctors, traders, laborers, civil servants, soldiers, and so on.<br />
Professional differences will usually also affect social behavior. For example, the behavior of a teacher will be different from that of a doctor when both carry out their work.<br />
<br />
Sex Differentiation<br />
Gender is a category in society that is based on sex or gender differences (biological differences). This biological difference can be seen from the structure of the reproductive organs, body shape, sound, and so on. On that basis, there are male or male community groups and women's or female groups.<br />
<br />
Differentiation of Regional Origin<br />
This differentiation is a grouping of people based on the origin of the area or place of residence, village or city. Divided into:<br />
village community: groups of people who live in villages or come from villages;<br />
urban communities: groups of people who live in urban areas or come from cities.<br />
The differences between villagers and city people can be found in the following matters: - behavior<br />
speech<br />
how to dress<br />
how to decorate the house<br />
<br />
Party Differentiation<br />
In order to accommodate the aspirations of the public to participate in regulating the state / power, so many parties have sprung up. Party differentiation is the difference in society in its activities regulating state power, in the form of social units, seazas, seideologi and seiran.<br />
In the 1999 Election there were 48 parties, in the 2004 Election the number of parties may have increased. Well, you have completed all the material in learning activities 1. Hopefully you have a good understanding of the subject of social differentiation. Well .... let's deepen the discussion by doing the following tasks / exercises.<br />
<br />
Example of Social Differentiation<br />
From the discussion above we can convey examples of social differentiation in our society. The example can be seen below:<br />
Classification of the community because of physical differences which came to be known by various races such as the Mongoloid, Negroid, Caucasoid, etc.<br />
The classification of society due to differences in social status can be seen in: Community life in the village of a village administrator will have a different social status from ordinary people, this happens because of different positions or powers.<br />
The classification of society because of cultural characteristics can be seen in the diversity of tribes in Indonesia such as the Minangkabau, Javanese, Toraja Banjar, Dayak, etc.<br />
Differences in Differentiation from Stratification<br />
Before we study social stratification specifically in the coming module, by looking at the table below we can clearly distinguish between social differentiation and social stratification.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-36255478553788758162019-11-12T11:01:00.004-08:002019-11-12T11:01:51.708-08:00Forms of Social Differentiation<b>Forms of Social Differentiation</b><br />
The grouping of people forms eight social differentiation criteria.<br />
<br />
Racial Differentiation<br />
Race is a group of people who share the same physical characteristics of the cloud. Racial differentiation means grouping people according to their physical characteristics, not their culture.<br />
<br />
Broadly speaking, humans are divided into races as follows:<br />
According to A.L. Krober<br />
Austroloid, including indigenous Australians (Aboriginal)<br />
Mongoloid<br />
Asiatic Mongoloid (North Asia, Central Asia and East Asia)<br />
Malayan Mongoloid (Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, native of Taiwan)<br />
American Mongoloid (Native American)<br />
Caucasian<br />
Nordic (Northern Europe, around the Baltic Sea)<br />
Alpine (Central Europe and Eastern Europe)<br />
Mediterranean (around Central, North Africa, Armenia, Arabic, Iran)<br />
Indic (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)<br />
Negroid<br />
African Negroid (African Continent)<br />
Negrito (Central Africa, Malay Peninsula known as Semang, Philippines)<br />
Melanesian (Irian, Melanesia)<br />
Special races (cannot be classified into four main races)<br />
Bushman (Kalahari desert, South Africa)<br />
Veddoid (inland Sri Langka, South Sulawesi)<br />
Polynesian (islands of Micronesia and Polynesia)<br />
Ainu (on the islands of Hokkaido and Karafuto Japan)<br />
Various Types of Race-Staying-in-the World<br />
<br />
Types of Race Live in the World<br />
According to Ralph Linton<br />
Mongoloid, with the characteristics of yellow to brown skin, straight hair, slight body hair, slanted eyes (especially Asian Mongoloid). The Mongoloid race was divided into two, namely the Asian and Indian Mongoloid. Mongoloid Asia consists of Chinese sub-races (consisting of Japanese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese) and Malay sub-races. The Malay Sub-Race consists of Malaysians, Indonesians, and Mongoloid Indians consisting of Indians in America.<br />
Caucasoid, has the physical characteristics of sharp nose, white skin, blond hair to blackish brown, and eyelids. This race consists of Nordic, Alpin, Mediterranean, Armenian and Indian Sub Race.<br />
Negroid, with physical characteristics of curly hair, black skin, thick lips and straight eyelids. This race is divided into Negrito, Nilitz, Jungle Negro, Oceanic Negro and Hotentot-Boysesman Sub Race.<br />
<br />
How about Indonesia ?<br />
What sub-races inhabit our country?<br />
Indonesia is inhabited by a variety of Sub Races as follows:<br />
Negrito, the Semang ethnic group in the Malay Peninsula and its surroundings.<br />
Veddoid, namely the Sakai tribe in Riau, Kubu in South Sumatra, Toala and Tomuna in<br />
Neo Melanosoid, the inhabitants of the Kei islands and<br />
Malay, which consists of two:<br />
Old Malay (Proto Malay), namely Batak, Toraja and Dayak people<br />
Young Malay (Deutro Melayu), namely Acehnese, Minang, Bugis / Makasar, Javanese, Sundanese,<br />
Ethnic Differentiation (Ethnic)<br />
What is meant by ethnicity or ethnicity?<br />
According to Hassan Shadily MA, ethnicity or ethnicity is a group of people who are still considered to have biological relations. Ethnic differentiation is a humanologization based on the same biological features, such as race. But ethnicity has another most basic characteristic, namely cultural similarity. Ethnic groups have the following similarities:<br />
<br />
Physical characteristics - art<br />
Regional languages - customs<br />
Ethnic groups in Indonesia include:<br />
on the island of Sumatra: Aceh, Batak, Minangkabau, Bengkulu, Jambi,<br />
Palembang, Malay, etc.;<br />
on the island of Java: Sundanese, Javanese, Tengger ,;<br />
on Kalimantan Island: Dayak, Banjar ,;<br />
on Sulawesi Island: Bugis, Makasar, Toraja, Minahasa, Toli-toli,<br />
Bolaang-Mangondow, Gorontalo, etc .;<br />
in Kep. Nusa Tenggara: Bali, Bima, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Rote,;<br />
in Kep. Maluku and: Ternate, Tidore, Dani, Asmat,<br />
How about you ? Which ethnic group? Whatever your ethnicity is no problem. What is important is that we are all good Indonesian citizens. Our differences are only physical differences, still remember that differences are beautiful?Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-5041820091109967092019-11-12T11:01:00.002-08:002019-11-12T11:01:18.355-08:00Definition of Social Differentiation<b>Definition of Social Differentiation</b><br />
Social Differentiation - Definition, Characteristics, Forms, Types and Examples - Each region must have a different cultural diversity and have the characteristics of each region. Especially now is the age of globalization and allows everyone to move places, but it also can enable SOCIAL DIFERENCE<br />
In reality there are differences in the community that occur naturally by nature. These differences make a balance and dynamism in social life. With these differences, it will cause the division of tasks in society to meet the needs of life.<br />
The differences in society are vertical and horizontal. On this occasion we will discuss and explain the differences that occur in a society that is horizontal in nature as well as social differentiation.<br />
In social differentiation these differences have the same degree and should respect each other in these differences. But in reality the differences that occur in these communities often lead to conflict. These conflicts can occur due to social differentiation in terms of religion, ethnicity, race, gender, and so forth.<br />
So that on this occasion I would like to examine and analyze the problems associated with social differentiation in the community in the hope of finding a solution that can be applied and is useful well. Therefore in this paper we try to review a little about Social Differentiation.<br />
Do you know what is meant by social differentiation ?? If you don't know it, you are absolutely right to visit gurupendukasi.com. Because on this occasion we will discuss about the understanding of social differentiation, the form of social differentiation, and the type of social differentiation and its characteristics in full. Therefore, let us consider the review below.<br />
<br />
Definition of Social Differentiation<br />
Social differentiation is horizontal grouping of people based on certain characteristics. The differences cannot be classified vertically / vertically as in the level of the economic layer, namely the high layer, middle layer and low layer. Horizontal groupings based on differences in race, ethnicity (ethnicity), ethnicity and religion are called social plurality, while grouping based on professional and gender differences is called social heterogeneity.<br />
<br />
If we pay attention to the community around us, there are so many differences that we encounter. In this study we conducted in Ringinanyar Village, in this village we encountered differentiation, differentiation in the form of differences among others in religion, race, ethnicity, clan (clan), occupation, culture, and gender.<br />
That difference is only horizontal. Such differences in sociology are known as Social Differentiation.<br />
Differentiation is the classification of differences that are usually the same. The same understanding here shows the classification or classification of society horizontally, horizontally, or parallel. The assumption is that no group from that division is higher than the other groups.<br />
Horizontal groupings based on differences in race, ethnicity (ethnicity), ethnicity and religion are called social plurality, while grouping based on professional and gender differences is called social heterogeneity.<br />
<br />
For more details, see the scheme below:<br />
Characteristics of Social Differentiation<br />
The characteristics of social differentiation in society can be grouped into three namely:<br />
Physical Characteristics: this classification of people occurs because of general differences in a person's physical appearance such as eye shape, color and shape of hair, skin color, nose shape and others.<br />
Social Characteristics: Community classification based on social characteristics usually occurs due to differences in social status in the community itself. In this case the social status is measured by: position, profession, power, prestige, and its role in society.<br />
Cultural Characteristics: This classification of people occurs because of differences in the way of life of people from one another. More about the characteristics of culture can be seen from differences in beliefs / religions and norms adopted in the community such as customs, arts, clothing worn, the language used, and others.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-68599523575887886682019-11-12T10:54:00.002-08:002019-11-12T10:54:47.228-08:00Customary Traditions According to Experts<b>Customary Traditions According to Experts</b><br />
According to the Shah "In Nurlin Ibrahim, 2009: 5"<br />
Stating that adat are traditional social rules that are sacred means that they are ancestral provisions and have been adhered to for generations. It is a tradition that regulates the indigenous people of Indonesia which is felt by its members to be very binding. As social rules that are considered sacred, the implementation of adat should be carried out based on customary norms that apply in each region without regard to stratification in people's lives.<br />
<br />
According to Soekanto, 2011: 73<br />
Customs have strong ties and influence in society, their binding strength depends on the community "or part of the community" that supports these customs which mainly stem from the feeling of justice.<br />
<br />
According to M. Nasroen "Soerjono Soekanto, 1981: 70"<br />
Explaining customs is a system of worldview that is eternal, fresh and actual because it is based on:<br />
The provisions contained in the real nature and also on positive values, good examples and circumstances that develop.<br />
Togetherness in a sense, someone for the common good and the common good for someone.<br />
Even prosperity.<br />
Consideration of disagreement, namely confrontation is faced with consensus based on flow and propriety.<br />
Put something in its place and take the middle way.<br />
Adjust to reality.<br />
Everything is useful according to place, time and circumstances.<br />
<br />
Various Customs<br />
Adat Actually Adat Is a custom that is timeless by the heat, not weathered by rain, moved not withered, washed out of water. That is, all the provisions that exist in nature have properties that will not change, for example, deforested forests are the cause of floods, evil will surely get punished, good will bring happiness, and so on.<br />
Adatable Custom is all the provisions that apply in society. These provisions are codified by Datuk Nan Duo based on the nature of objects in nature. The point is to regulate social life in terms of order, economy, and social culture.<br />
The Most Customary Tradition That is the rules formed by deliberation. Each community group has rules and procedures that are different from other community groups.<br />
Customs are the habits or preferences of the local community when carrying out parties, arts, entertainment, dressing, sports, etc.<br />
<br />
Customs can be written or unwritten.<br />
Examples of written customs include:<br />
king's certificates (letter of authorization from the king, customary chief)<br />
written customary law associations such as village upgrading, village religion, awig-awig (subak regulations on the island of Bali).<br />
Customs criteria<br />
The most decisive criterion for the conception of tradition is that tradition is created through the actions and behavior of people through the minds and imaginations of people which are passed on from one generation to the next (Skils in Sayogyo, 1985: 90).<br />
<br />
EXAMPLE OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS IN COMMUNITY LIFE<br />
In society there are also customs. What are customs? According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, adat is defined as a rule (deed) that is commonly followed or practiced since time immemorial. Adat is a form of cultural ideas consisting of cultural values, norms, laws, and rules that relate to one another into a single system or unit. While customs are defined as customs.<br />
Customs are a set of social rules that have long existed and have become a habit (tradition) in society. For example, in Javanese society there is a custom to perform the Selapanan ceremony when a baby is 40 days old. This ceremony has become a habit of Javanese people for a long time.<br />
Generally, people believe that the social rules in customs are the will of the ancestors or creatures who regulate natural events that are supernatural and difficult for ordinary people to understand. Therefore, the rules set by adat must be implemented. This will make citizens avoid things that are not desirable, such as diseases and disasters.<br />
<br />
Customs can be written or unwritten. Examples of written customs include:<br />
king's certificates (letter of authorization from the king, customary chief)<br />
written customary law associations such as village upgrading, village religion, awig-awig (subak regulations on the island of Bali).<br />
Examples of unwritten customs include:<br />
Ngaben ceremony in Balinese culture<br />
Offering program in Javanese society<br />
A salvation ceremony that marks the stages of one's life in Sundanese society.<br />
Generally, the customs of one region are different from other regions. This is because beliefs, religions, habits, norms, and way of life of people in these areas are indeed different. In the North Sumatra area, there is a tradition which states that boys are heirs of the family. While in the area of West Sumatra, girls are entitled to become heirs. This difference is certainly due to differences in the views of the community towards boys and girls.<br />
<br />
Norms are created to be a way of life for people. However, the development of modern times<br />
has led to a decline in values and norms in society. For example, in the past a child was taboo to oppose or violate parental orders.<br />
Another example, before dating especially in person in public while holding hands<br />
is taboo. However, when times change the style of courtship today has exceeded or even violated social and religious norms.<br />
People who are in love with romance are not just holding hands, even kissing and having premarital sex. Why did all that happen? Where will our generation be brought to? Let us fix this damage by re-functioning the norms, rules, habits, and customs of our east as before.<br />
<br />
Conclusion<br />
Customs are traditions of a society that have existed since the days of ancestors (before) and are still held firmly by the community until now. They will pass it on to their children and grandchildren so that it can be preserved.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-44271096152136001812019-11-12T10:53:00.002-08:002019-11-12T10:53:30.989-08:00Understanding Customary Traditions<b>Understanding Customary Traditions</b><br />
Etymologically, in this case custom comes from Arabic which means "habit", so etymologically custom can be defined as an act that is done repeatedly and then becomes a habit that is fixed and respected by people, then the habit becomes custom. Adat is a habit that grows and is formed from a community or region that is considered to have nails and is upheld and obeyed by supporting communities.<br />
<br />
Understanding Customary Traditions According to Experts<br />
For in Indonesia, the aspects of human life become binding legal rules called traditional law. Adat has been institutionalized in community life in the form of traditions, customs, ceremonies and so on, which is able to control people's behavior in the form of feelings of pleasure or pride and the role of traditional leaders who become community leaders becomes quite important.<br />
Customs or habits can be interpreted as a person's behavior which is continuously carried out in a certain way and followed by outside communities for a long time. Thus the elements of the creation of adat is the existence of a person's behavior, carried out continuously, the time dimension and followed by other people / communities.<br />
<br />
Understanding Customary Traditions<br />
In this case the understanding of customs relates to the attitudes and behavior of a person who is followed by another person in a fairly long process of time, this shows how broad the understanding of such customs. Each community or nation and state has its own customs, one and the other must not be the same.<br />
Customs can reflect the soul of a society or nation and are a personality of a community or nation. The level of civilization, a modern way of life a person can not eliminate the behavior or customs that live and are rooted in society.<br />
<br />
Understanding Customary Traditions According to Experts<br />
There are several definitions of customs according to experts which include:<br />
<br />
According to Jalaludi Tunsam<br />
Which in his writings in 1660 states that "adat" comes from Arabic which is a plural form of "adah" which means a way or habit. As has been explained that adat is a cultural idea that contains cultural values, norms, habits and laws that are commonly practiced by a region. Well, usually if this custom is not obeyed then there will be sanctions both written and directly given to the behavior that violates them.<br />
<br />
According to Koen Cakraningrat<br />
Adat is a form of embodiment of culture, then adat is described as a code of conduct. Adat is an unwritten norm or rule, but its existence is very strong and binding so that anyone who violates it will be subject to a fairly harsh sanction. For example, if there is a partner who is committing a relationship that is not commendable such as adultery, the couple will get sanction both physically and mentally as applied by the province of Aceh that applies caning.<br />
<br />
According to Harjito Notopura "Dewi Wulansari, 2010: 4"<br />
Customary law is an unwritten law, customary law with special characteristics which is a guideline of people's lives in carrying out the system of justice and welfare of the community and is familial in nature.<br />
<br />
According to Raden Soepomo "Dewi Wulansari, 2010: 4"<br />
Customary law is a synonym of the law that is not written in legislative regulations, the law that lives as a convention in the state legal bodies "parliament, provincial council and so on", the law that lives as customary rules are maintained in the association of life, both in the city and in the villages.<br />
<br />
According to the Great Language Dictionary<br />
Adat is a rule "deeds, etc." which is commonly followed or carried out since time immemorial, a way of "behavior, etc." which has become a habit, a form of cultural ideas consisting of cultural values, norms, laws and rules related to one another to become a system . Because the term adat has been absorbed into Indonesian, the term customary law can be compared to customary law.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-60326489375362430782019-11-12T10:49:00.003-08:002019-11-12T10:49:59.697-08:00Examples of Acculturation<b>Examples of Acculturation</b><br />
Singo Barong Train (Cirebon)<br />
The Singa Barong train, made in 1549, is a reflection of Cirebon's friendship with other nations. The face of this carriage is the embodiment of three animals combined into one, an elephant with its trunk, crowned with a dragon and a burak. The elephant trunk is a friendship with Hindu India, the head of a dragon symbolizes friendship with a Buddhist China, and a burak body complete with wings, symbolizes friendship with a Muslim Egypt.<br />
This train was made by a train architect Panembahan Losari and the sculptor Ki Notoguna from Kaliwulu. The sculpture on the train is indeed detailed and complicated. Characterizing the distinctive culture of the three friendly countries, the carving of wadasan and megamendung characterizes Cirebon, the carved colors of red and green that are typical of China. In the carriage, three cultures (Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam) are depicted as one in the trident in the elephant's trunk.<br />
<br />
Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon<br />
The Kasepuhan Palace and architecture buildings depict various influences, ranging from European, Chinese, Arabic, as well as pre-existing local cultures, namely Hinduism and Javanese. All elements or cultural elements above merge at the Kasepuhan Palace building. European influences appear on Greek-style poles.<br />
Other European-style architecture is in the form of a semicircular doorway arch that is found in the Lawang Sanga building (door nine). Another European style influence is pilasters on the walls of buildings, which make the walls more attractive and not flat. The European building style is also clearly seen in the shape of the doors and windows in the Pringgondani ward building, width and height, and the use of jalousie as air ventilation.<br />
Prabayasa Ward serves as a place to receive great guests. The building is supported by wooden pillars. The pillars were decorated with tumpal motifs originating from Java. A clear influence of Hindu-Javanese architecture is the Siti Hinggil building, which is located at the very front of the palace complex. The entire building is made of brick construction as is usual in Hindu temple buildings.<br />
The impression of a Hindu-style building looks strong especially at the entrance to the complex, which is a gate of the same size or symmetrical between the left and right sides as if it is split. On the left and right walls of the Great ward are decorated with small porcelain patches from the Netherlands measuring 110 x 10 cm in blue (blauwe delft) and brownish red.<br />
In the middle is given a blue Chinese porcelain plate. The painting on the plate depicts Chinese painting with stratified perspective techniques. Overall, the palace's colors are dominated by green which is identical to the Islamic symbol. The gold color used in some ornaments symbolizes luxury and grandeur and the red color symbolizes life or heaven. The Kasepuhan Palace building implies a blend of functional and symbolic aspects as well as local and external culture. Reflecting the diversity of styles and cultural riches of the world's nations.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-82490043257029063852019-11-12T10:49:00.000-08:002019-11-12T10:49:16.280-08:00Factors the Occurrence of Assimilation<b>Factors the Occurrence of Assimilation</b><br />
The factors that encourage or facilitate assimilation are as follows.<br />
Tolerance among groups of different cultures<br />
Equal opportunity in the economic field<br />
Willingness to respect and respect strangers and the culture they carry.<br />
Open attitude from the ruling class in society<br />
Similarities in universal cultural elements<br />
Marriage between groups of different cultures<br />
Also Read: √ Social Integration Papers: Definition, Form, Stages, Examples and Factors<br />
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Examples of Cultural Assimilation<br />
One example of the assimilation process is the transmigration program carried out in Riau during the New Order era. This transmigration program not only succeeded in leveling the population of various islands in the World, but this transmigration program also resulted in assimilation, especially in Riau. This can be seen from the large number of transmigrants that produce new cultures, such as Javanese-Malay, Mandailing-Malay, and so forth.<br />
Ajeng is a world person who likes Balinese dance. Ajeng then became good friends with Betty from Latin America who loved the traditional Latin American Tango dance. Because the two are constantly interacting, then there is a mixture of cultures that produce new cultures. The meaning. Ajeng finally had a new dance which was the result of a merging of Balinese and Tango dances, but his new dance did not show any distinctive Balinese dances or Tango dances.<br />
An example of the assimilation process is the transmigration program carried out in Riau during the New Order administration. This transmigration program not only succeeded in leveling the population of various islands in the World, but this transmigration program also resulted in assimilation, especially in Riau. This can be seen from the many transmigrants that produce new cultures, for example Javanese-Malay, Mandailing-Malay, and so forth.<br />
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Definition of Acculturation<br />
Acculturation (acculturation or culture contact) is a social process that arises when a group of people with a particular culture is confronted with elements of a foreign culture in such a way that the foreign cultural elements are gradually accepted and processed into their own culture without causing loss of cultural personality itself. In short, acculturation is the union of two or more cultures so as to form a new culture without removing the elements of the original culture.<br />
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Problems that Arise in Acculturation<br />
In researching acculturation, there are five categories of problems regarding acculturation, namely:<br />
the problem of methods for observing, recording, and describing an acculturation process in a society.<br />
the issue of what elements of foreign culture are easily accepted, and what elements of foreign culture are hard to accept by the recipient community.<br />
the issue of what elements of culture are easily replaced or changed, and what elements are not easily replaced or changed by elements of foreign culture<br />
the issue of what individuals like and quickly accept, and what individuals are difficult and slow to accept elements of foreign culture; 5. the problem of social tensions and crises arising as a result of acculturation.<br />
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Important Things Regarding Acculturation<br />
The things that should be considered by researchers who will examine acculturation are:<br />
the state of the recipient community before the acculturation process begins; Material concerning the state of the recipient community is actually material about the history of the community concerned. If there are written sources, then the material can be collected using methods commonly used by historians.<br />
If written sources are not available, the researcher must gather material about the state of the recipient community who has returned as far as possible in the space of time, for example by the interview process. Thus, a researcher can find out the cultural situation of the recipient community before the acculturation process begins. At this time the so-called "starting point of the acculturation process" or base line of acculturation.<br />
Individuals from foreign cultures who carry elements of foreign culture; these individuals are also called agents of acculturation. The work and background of the agents of acculturation will determine the style of culture and what elements will enter into an area. This happens because in a society, especially if the community is a broad and complex society, residents only know a small part of their culture, usually related to their profession and background.<br />
Channels through which foreign cultural elements enter the recipient culture: It is important to know a clear picture of the acculturation process. An example is if we want to know the process that must be passed by the central culture to enter into a regional culture, then the channels are through the propaganda system of political parties, school education, the hierarchy of government employees, and others.<br />
The parts of the recipient society that are affected by the elements of the foreign culture, sometimes the elements of the foreign culture that are accepted by each group in the society are different. Therefore, it is important to know which parts of the recipient society are affected by these foreign cultural elements.<br />
The reactions of individuals who are exposed to elements of foreign culture, are divided into 2 general reactions, namely the "old-fashioned" reaction and the "progressive" reaction. "Old-fashioned" reaction is a reaction to reject elements of foreign culture, which in turn will cause the resignation of his side from the reality of people's lives, back to their old lives. "Progressive" reactions are reactions that are the opposite of "old-fashioned", reactions that accept elements of foreign culture.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2361587166401349384.post-73198514855869462662019-11-12T10:48:00.000-08:002019-11-12T10:48:05.676-08:00Definition of Scientific Assimilation<b>Definition of Scientific Assimilation</b><br />
Assimilation Is: Understanding, Acculturation, Requirements, Examples, Factors - Assimilation or assimilation is a social process that arises when there are groups of people with different cultural backgrounds who interact with each other directly intensively for a long time, so that cultures each of these groups has changed its unique character, and its respective elements have changed into mixed cultural elements. In short, assimilation is the assimilation of two cultures accompanied by the loss of the characteristics of the original culture so as to form a new culture.<br />
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Understanding Assimilation According to Experts<br />
Assimilation according to Koentjara Ningrat (1996: 160) is a social process that occurs in various groups of people with different cultural backgrounds after they associate with incentives, so that the specific characteristics of the cultural elements of those groups change into elements. mixed cultural elements.<br />
Assimilation according to Ogburn and Nimkoff: "(Asimilation) is the process of interpenetration and the integration of individuals and groups anquires memories, sentiments, and attitudes of others or groups, and by sharing experiences and history, combined with them in cultural life"<br />
Assimilation according to Garbarino Assimilation (is) absorption of groups into the ways of dominant societies and groups of general disappearance of cultural distinctiveness as a result "(Garbarino, 1983). Listen to Reading phonetically.<br />
Assimilation according to Soerjono Soekamto: Assimilation is a social process characterized by efforts to reduce the differences that exist between individuals or human groups which include efforts to enhance the unity of actions, attitudes, and mental processes by taking into account the goals and common interest.<br />
5 Assimilation according to Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess (1921: 735) "The process of interpretation and fusion in which people and groups gain memories, sentiments, and attitudes of other people or groups, and, by sharing experiences and history, combined with they are in cultural life together ".<br />
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Terms of Assimilation<br />
Assimilation can be formed if there are three requirements:<br />
there are a number of groups that have different cultures.<br />
social interaction occurs between individuals or groups intensively and in a relatively long time.<br />
The culture of each group changes and adapts to one another.<br />
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Groups that Have Assimilation Processes<br />
Groups that usually experience the process of assimilation are the majority and some minority groups. In this case, it is the minority culture that changes the unique nature of its cultural elements, with the aim of adjusting to the majority culture, so that gradually the minority culture loses its cultural personality and enters into the majority culture.<br />
The process of assimilation arises when there are groups of people with different cultures, individuals as members of the group interact with each other directly and intensively for a long time so that the cultures of these human groups change and adapt to each other. The process of assimilation is characterized by the development of the same attitudes, though sometimes emotional in nature with the aim of achieving unity, or at least achieving integration in the organization, thoughts and actions.<br />
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Factors that inhibit the occurrence of assimilation<br />
This assimilation can generally occur if there is a sense of tolerance and sympathy from individuals in one culture to another culture. Tolerance and sympathy in this culture can be hindered by several factors, namely:<br />
Isolation of the life of a certain group in society (usually a minority group).<br />
Lack of knowledge about the culture faced and in connection with it often gives rise. Third Factor.<br />
Feelings of fear of the strength of a culture faced.<br />
The feeling that a certain group or group culture is higher than another group or group culture.<br />
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or physical characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.<br />
Strong in-group feelings can also be a barrier to the ongoing assimilation.<br />
Interference from the ruling class against other minority groups that can disrupt the smooth process of assimilation is if the minority group experiences disturbances from the ruling class.<br />
Sometimes factors of interest that are added to personal conflicts can also cause obstruction of the assimilation process.<br />
Feelings of superiority in individuals of one culture over another.Mac Doonall Duckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13649682792907757708noreply@blogger.com